Sputnik 1 (Russian: “Спутник-1”, “Satellite-1”, or literally “Co-traveler-1” byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. “Простейший Спутник-1”, or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first artificial satellite to be put into geocentric orbit. Launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first satellite of the Sputnik program.
The satellite helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers by its orbit change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. Because the satellite’s body was filled with pressurized nitrogen, Sputnik 1 also provided the first opportunity for meteorite detection, as losses in internal pressure due to meteoroid penetration of the outer surface would have been evident in the temperature data. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1’s success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the Cold War.
Sputnik-1 was set in motion during the International Geophysical Year from the 5th Tyuratam range in Kazakh SSR (now Baikonur Cosmodrome). The satellite travelled at 29,000 kilometers (18,000 mi) per hour and emitted radio signals at around 20.005 and 40.002 MHz which were monitored by Amateur radio operators throughout the world. The signals continued for 22 days until the transmitter batteries ran out on October 26, 1957. Sputnik 1 burned as it fell from orbit upon reentering Earth’s atmosphere, after traveling about 60 million km (37 million miles) in orbit.
50 anni fa, lo Sputnik 1 (in russo Спутник, satellite) fu il primo satellite artificiale in orbita nella storia. Venne lanciato il 4 ottobre 1957 dal cosmodromo di Baikonur, nell’odierno Kazakistan, grazie al vettore R-7 (Semyorka). In russo la parola Sputnik significa compagno di viaggio, inteso come satellite in astronomia. Fu progettato dall’Unione Sovietica, anche grazie ai missili tedeschi V2 reperiti nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Il programma Sputnik ebbe inizio nel 1948, quando si intuì la possibilità di modificare missili militari in vettori per il lancio di satelliti. L’annuncio del successo del lancio venne dato da Radio Mosca la notte tra il 4 e il 5 ottobre 1957. Con il lancio dello Sputnik 1 l’Unione Sovietica prese in contropiede gli Stati Uniti, che solo il 31 gennaio 1958 mandarono in orbita il loro primo satellite: l’Explorer 1. Gli strumenti a bordo dello Sputnik 1 rimasero funzionanti per 21 giorni. Lo Sputnik 1 aveva lineamenti ben più semplici di un satellite artificiale odierno, era infatti formato solo da una sfera pressurizzata di alluminio di 58 cm di raggio e da 4 antenne lunghe circa 2,5 metri. Bruciò durante il rientro in atmosfera il 3 gennaio 1958 dopo circa 1400 orbite e 70.000.000 km.
Ecco un’immagine ad alta risoluzione dell’oggetto.
[da Wikipedia]
Un mese dopo, il 3 novembre, venne lanciato lo Sputnik 2 con a bordo la cagnetta Laika.
Il beep-beep dello Sputnik, che si poteva ricevere più volte al giorno, quando il satellite passava sugli USA, fu una doccia fredda sia per la nascente industria aerospaziale americana che per politici e militari. Nell’ottica della guerra fredda, infatti, chi poteva mettere in orbita un satellite avrebbe potuto facilmente fare lo stesso con una bomba.
Listen to the original signal from Sputnik 1
Qui potete ascoltare il segnale originale dello Spuntnik 1
[fonte NASA]
Sputnik 1 (Russian: “Спутник-1”, “Satellite-1”, or literally “Co-traveler-1” byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. “Простейший Спутник-1”, or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first artificial satellite to be put into geocentric orbit. Launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first satellite of the Sputnik program. The satellite helped to […]
Sputnik 1 (Russian: “Спутник-1”, “Satellite-1”, or literally “Co-traveler-1” byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. “Простейший Спутник-1”, or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first artificial satellite to be put into geocentric orbit. Launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first satellite of the Sputnik program. The satellite helped to […]
Sputnik 1 (Russian: “Спутник-1”, “Satellite-1”, or literally “Co-traveler-1” byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. “Простейший Спутник-1”, or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first artificial satellite to be put into geocentric orbit. Launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first satellite of the Sputnik program. The satellite helped to […]
Sputnik 1 (Russian: “Спутник-1”, “Satellite-1”, or literally “Co-traveler-1” byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. “Простейший Спутник-1”, or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first artificial satellite to be put into geocentric orbit. Launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first satellite of the Sputnik program. The satellite helped to […]
Sputnik 1 (Russian: “Спутник-1”, “Satellite-1”, or literally “Co-traveler-1” byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. “Простейший Спутник-1”, or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first artificial satellite to be put into geocentric orbit. Launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first satellite of the Sputnik program. The satellite helped to […]
Sputnik 1 (Russian: “Спутник-1”, “Satellite-1”, or literally “Co-traveler-1” byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. “Простейший Спутник-1”, or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first artificial satellite to be put into geocentric orbit. Launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first satellite of the Sputnik program. The satellite helped to […]
Sputnik 1 (Russian: “Спутник-1”, “Satellite-1”, or literally “Co-traveler-1” byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. “Простейший Спутник-1”, or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first artificial satellite to be put into geocentric orbit. Launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first satellite of the Sputnik program. The satellite helped to […]
Sputnik 1 (Russian: “Спутник-1”, “Satellite-1”, or literally “Co-traveler-1” byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. “Простейший Спутник-1”, or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first artificial satellite to be put into geocentric orbit. Launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first satellite of the Sputnik program. The satellite helped to […]
Sputnik 1 (Russian: “Спутник-1”, “Satellite-1”, or literally “Co-traveler-1” byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. “Простейший Спутник-1”, or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first artificial satellite to be put into geocentric orbit. Launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first satellite of the Sputnik program. The satellite helped to […]
Sputnik 1 (Russian: “Спутник-1”, “Satellite-1”, or literally “Co-traveler-1” byname ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. “Простейший Спутник-1”, or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first artificial satellite to be put into geocentric orbit. Launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first satellite of the Sputnik program. The satellite helped to […]
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